LED: ARKTIČNO in ANTARKTIČNO SEGREVANJE
- Količina atmosferskega metana na Arktiki je zelo hitro narasla in sicer za kar 33% v samo petih letih. 35(Paul Palmer, znanstvenik na univerzi Edinburgh, 2010) Zaradi taljenja permaforsta v Sibiriji se sprošča petkrat več metana kot so predvidevali prej.36 (Dr. Katie Walter, 2006)
- Plitvi permafrost pod vzhodno-sibirsko arktično ploščo je prav tako nestabilen in sprošča velike količine metana.37 (Profesor
Igor Semiletov, vodja skupine za mednarodno preučevanje sibirskih plošč (ISSS), univerza Alaska v Fairbanksu, ZDA, 2010)
- Arktična tundra oddaja veliko več metana in dušikovega oksida, kot je bilo predhodno ocenjeno.38(Prof. Greg Henry, univerza British Columbia)
- Nekateri znanstveniki taljenje Arktike označujejo kot 'tempirano bombo'. 39,40,41
- Površina arktičnega ledu je to poletje dosegla tretje mesto po najmanjši površini. Vsa tri najbolj obsežna raztaljena področja so se raztalila v zadnjih štirih letih.42(Ameriški državni center za zbiranje podatkov o snegu in ledu (NSIDC), letno poročilo 2010)
- Sodeč po trenutnem taljenju se Arktika verjetno ne bo vrnila v prejšnje stanje. 43(Posodobitev poročila o Arktiki iz 2010, Nacionalna oceanska in atmosferska administracija (NOAA), ZDA)
- Segrevanje Arktike je pozimi 2009-2010 v vzhodno Severno Ameriko in vzhodno Evrazijo prineslo zelo mrzle vetrove in obilne snežne padavine.44,45,46,47(Dr. James Overland iz NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory ZDA, 2010)
- Zaradi dviganja temperature se je obdobje vsakoletnega taljenja arktičnega ledu podaljšalo za 20 dni v primerjavi z obdobjem izpred treh desetletij. To pomeni, da arktični led absorbira več toplote. Posledice so vidne tudi v morskem ekosistemu in podnebju v Severni Ameriki.48 (NASA, 2010)
- Raziskovalci polarnega sveta so zaradi izginjanja ledu Severni pol prvič prepluli v majhnih steklenih čolnih, kar bi bilo pred desetimi leti nemogoče. Takrat so pluli v velikih ladjah, zaščitenih pred zamrzovanjem.49 (Norveški polarni raziskovalec Borge Ousland, odpluli so junija 2010)
- Arktika se segreva dvakrat hitreje kot druga območja na Zemlji. 50
- Ledeni pokrov na Arktičnem morju je imel leta 2007 najmanjšo zabeleženo površino. Severozahodni prekop je bil takrat prvič ploven.51 Starega in debelega ledu je le 10%, medtem ko je 90% ledu novejšega nastanka, ki je tanjši.52 Znanstveniki napovedujejo, da poleti 2012 ali 2013 ledu sploh več ne bo.53,54
- Brez zaščitnega ledu, ki odbija sončne žarke, lahko morje absorbira 90% sončne toplote, zaradi česar se globalno segrevanje še bolj pospeši.55,56
- Dva največja ledenika na svetu, GRENLANDIJA IN ANTARKTIKA, se trenutno zelo hitro talita, čeprav so pred letom 2000 predvidevali, da sta stabilna.57
- Grenlandija se tali z večjo hitrostjo in izgublja večje površine ledu kot v zadnjih petih desetletjih.58(Posodobitev poročila o Arktiki iz 2010, Nacionalna oceanska in atmosferska administracija (NOAA), ZDA)
- Premiki ledenikov proti morju so se v zadnjem času podvojili ali potrojili.59 (Ian Joughin, univerza Washington, 2010)
- Potresi zaradi lomljenja ledenih gora so se od leta 1993 več kot potrojili.60 (Göran Ekström in Meredith Nettles, univerza Columbia, ZDA, 2010)
- Popolna izguba grenlandskega ledenega pokrova (to je ena izmed možnosti), bi povzročila dvig morske gladine za 7 mestrov.61
- Staljena voda, ki se pretaka po grenlandskem ledenem pokrovu, lahko le-tega raztali v nekaj desetletjih in ne stoletjih, kakor so predvidevali.62 (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Colorado, ZDA)
- 5. avgusta 2010 se je odlomila četrtina grenlandskega ledenika Peterman. Odlomljeni del je imel štirikrat večjo površino kot otok Manhattan (New York) in je največji odlomljeni del v skoraj petdesetih letih. "Sladka voda, ki je bila shranjena v tem ledeniku, bi lahko omogočila reki
Delaware ali Hudson pretok za več kot dve leti," je rekel profesor
Andreas Muenchow iz univerze
Delaware.63,64,65
- Na Peninsuli v Artarktiki so na določenih mestih na površini vode opazili konstantno sproščanje 99% metana v obliki mehurčkov.66 (Argentinski geolog dr. Rodolfo del Valle)
- Glavno poročilo, ki je bilo objavljeno v 2009, ugotavlja, da se arktične plošče (še posebej na zahodni Peninsuli) odmikajo z vedno večjo hitrostjo. Hitrost povečuje segrevanje vode pod ploščami.67,68,69
- Tekom leta 2008 se je raztalila ledena kapa Wilkins na zahodni arktični Peninsuli. Leta 2002 se je ogromna ledena kapa Larsen B, ki je bila stara 12.000 let, popolnoma raztalila v samo treh tednih.70
LED: TALJENJE LEDENIKOV
- Na 'Tretjem polu', tretji največji zalogi ledu na Zemlji za Arktiko in Antarktiko, se tali več kot 46.000 ledenikov in permafrost. Nahaja se na tibetanskem planoti in Himalaji; imenujejo ga tudi 'azijski vodni stolp'. Umik ledenikov bi lahko prizadel več kot 1,5 milijarde ljudi v 10 državah. 71 (Okoljski program tretjega pola, ki ga vodi kitajska Akademija znanosti, 2010)
- Bolivijski 18.000 let stari ledenik Chacaltaya je že izginil, ostali andski ledeniki v Južni Ameriki pa se lahko raztalijo v nekaj desetletjih.72,73
- Kirgistanski ledeniki se manjšajo trikrat hitreje kot 1950 oz. za 50 metrov na leto. Do konca stoletja bi lahko izginilo 95% ledenikov.74 (Inštitut za hidroenergijo Nacionalne akademije znanosti, Bishkek, Kirgistan)
- Gora Kilimanjaro v Afriki je od leta 1912 izgubila 85% ledene površine, popolnoma bi lahko izginila v naslednjih 20 letih.75 (Nacionalna akademija znanosti, 2009)
- Ameriški nacionalni ledeniški park bo do leta 2020 ostal brez ledu, kar je 10 let prej, kot so predhodno napovedali.76(Geološka raziskava, ZDA, 2009)
Sklicevanje na:
- Romm, J. (2009, January 26). NOAA stunner: Climate change “largely irreversible for 1000 years,” with permanent Dust Bowls in Southwest and around the globe. An online acticle on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] finding. Climate Progress blog. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://climateprogress.org/2009/01/26/noaa-climate-change-irreversible-1000-years-
drought-dust-bowls/
- Severe Drought Predicted to Grip the Globe By 2040. (2010, October 21). Environment News Service. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2010/2010-10-21-01.html
- Water shortages reach crisis levels in China (2010, September 13). Cable News Network [CNN]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/09/13/china.water.crisis/index.html
- Drought, wildfires put Brazil under environmental emergency (2010, September 8). MYsinchew.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.mysinchew.com/node/44603?tid=37
- Drought in Brazil’s Amazon basin forest, Pantanal (2010, September 7). Agence France-Presse [AFP]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.france24.com/en/20100907-drought-brazils-amazon-basin-forest-pantanal
- Three dead as sandstorms blanket northwest China (2010, April 25). AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.france24.com/en/20100425-three-dead-sandstorms-blanket-northwest-china
- Ahmed, S.A., Diffenbaugh, N.S. and Hertel, T.W. (2009, August 20). Climate Volatility Deepens Poverty Vulnerability in Developing Countries. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from Purdue University, News website http://www.purdue.edu/uns/x/2009b/090820DiffenbaughHertel.html#
- Clarke, J. (2010, June 11). Starving Chad chews on leaves, animal feed. Mail & Guardian online. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-06-11-starving-chad-chewon-leaves-animal-feed
- Longest, hottest drought on record, says Bureau of Meteorology (2008, october 11). The Australian. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/longest-hottest-drought-on-record/story- e6frg8gf-1111117721981
- Kohn, M. (2009, Jul 26). UN chief in Mongolia to highlight climate change. AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHAMNZpU6UTXfenBraBdrD9Q5IfQ
- Rice, X. (2010, June 3). Severe drought causes hunger for 10 million in west Africa. The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jun/03/drought-hunger-west-africa
- Romm, J. (2008, August 31). Why global warming means killer storms worse than Katrina and Gustav. An online acticle on the IPCC report. Climate Progress blog. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://climateprogress.org/2008/08/31/why-global-warming-means-killer-storms-worse-
than-katrina-and-gustav-part-1/
- Hurricanes and Global Warming FAQs (n.d.). PEW Center on Global Climate Change. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.pewclimate.org/hurricanes.cfm
- Solovyov, D. (2010, August 17). Heat probably killed thousands in Moscow: scientist. Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/08/17/us-russia-heat-deaths-idUSTRE67G2CZ20100817
- Weather shifts behind disasters need ‘urgent’ probe: UN (2020, August 19). AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.montrealgazette.com/technology/Weather+shifts+behind+disasters+need+urgent+probe /3418508/story.html#ixzz1EQ6XLdHL
- Russian heatwave caused 11,000 deaths in Moscow: official (2010, September 17). AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.france24.com/en/20100917-russian-heatwave-caused-11000-deaths-moscow-official
- 2010 Pakistan floods (2010). Wikipedia. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Pakistan_floods
- Hanley, C.J. (2010, August 12). Scientists: Summer fires, floods augur global warming. AP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38676877/ns/weather/
- Tran, M. (2010, August 9). Floods and mudslides on three continents, as drought hits Africa. The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/aug/09/floods-mudslides-drought-extreme-weather
- ibid.
- Forest fires break out in Portugal (2010, August 9). China Daily. Retrieved January 11, 2011
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/photo/2010-08/09/content_11120379.htm
- ibid 37.
- Matson, J. (2010, April 21). A warming world could trigger earthquakes, landslides and volcanoes. An online acticle on Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (Physical, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences research. Scientific American [Electronic version]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=no-link-now-between-eyjafjallajando-2010-04-21
- Ravilious, K. (2010, October 15). A warming world could leave cities flattened. New Scientist [Electronic version], 2782. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827825.100-a-warming-world-could-leave-cities-flattened.html
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development [ICIMOD] (2010, September 16). NEPAL: Global warming swells glacial lakes, endangering thousands. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from ReliefWeb http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/MUMA-89C7F5?OpenDocument
- Agba, D. (2010, November 13). Africa Loses 3.4 Million Hectares to Deforestation. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from allAfrica.com
http://allafrica.com/stories/201011150782.html
- Deforestation accounts for about 20% of CO2 emissions globally. (2010, July 17). Climate Central. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.climatecentral.org/library/climopedia /deforestation_accounts_for_about_20_of_co2_emissions_globally/
- Confirmed: Deforestation Plays Critical Climate Change Role. (2007, May 11). ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070511100918.htm
- Warmer Climate Could Stifle Carbon Uptake by Trees, Study Finds. (2010, Jan 8). ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100107183136.htm
- Global warming could turn forests from sink to source of carbon emissions. (2009, April 16). An online acticle on International Union of Forest Research Organizations [IUFRO] report. mongabay.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.mongabay.com/2009/0416-forests.html
- Graham, S. (2003, April 22). Rain Forests Release Carbon Dioxide in Response to Warmer Temperatures. Scientific American [Electronic version]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=rain-forests-release-carb
- Finnish Environment Institute (2010). Soil contributes to climate warming more than expected - Finnish research shows a flaw in climate models. University of Helsinki. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?contentid=351875&lan=en
- Fogarty, D. (2009, February 26). Australia fires release huge amount of CO2. Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE51P12120090226
- Romm, J. (2008, April 25). Nature on stunning new climate feedback: Beetle tree kill releases more carbon than fires. Climate Progress blog. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://climateprogress.org
/2008/04/25/nature-on-stunning-new-climate-feedback-beetle-tree-kill-releases-more-carbon- than-fires/
- Adam, D. (2010, January 14). Arctic permafrost leaking methane at record levels, figures show. An acticle on Paul Palmer findig, a scientist at Edinburgh University. The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jan/14/arctic-permafrost-methane
- Corwin, J.A. (2006, October 12). Russia: Siberia’s Once-Frozen Tundra Is Melting. An online acticle on Dr. Katie Walter finding. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1071976.html
- Fitzpatrick, M. (2010, January 6). Methane release ‘looks stronger’. An acticle on Professor Igor Semiletov finding, head of the International Siberian Shelf Study [ISSS], University of Alaska at Fairbanks, USA. BBC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8437703.stm
- Ljunggren, D. (2009, July 29). Arctic tundra hotter, boosts global warming: expert. An acticle on Professor Greg Henry research, University of British Columbia. Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE56S53E20090729
- Media Advisory: Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for 2010 (2010, September 15). NSIDC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://nsidc.org/news/press/20100915_minimum.html - ibid 61.
- Global warming ‘speeds’ up gas emissions (2010, January 14). BBC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/8459770.stm
- Arctic greenhouse gas emissions jump 30pc. (2010, January 16). Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.news.com.au/arctic-greenhouse-gas-emissions-jump-30pc/story-e6frflrr-1225820280873
- Return to previous Arctic conditions is unlikely (2010). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s [NOAA] Arctic Report Card 2010 Update. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/
- Freedman, A. (2010, October 25). Arctic sea ice loss linked to severe U.S. winters. The Washington Post. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitalweathergang/2010/10/report_details_warm_arctic-col.html
- More cold and snowy winters to come (2010, November 6). Oslo Science Conference. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://ipy-osc.no/article/2010/1276176306.8
- More cold and snowy winters (2010, June 11). More cold and snowy winters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from BarentsObserver.com
http://www.barentsobserver.com/more-cold-and-snowy-winters.4792360-16176.html
- Europe, US to see snowy, cold winters: expert (2010, June 11). An acticle on Dr. James Overland, of the NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, USA statement. AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.france24.com/en/20100611-europe-us-see-snowy-cold-winters-expert
- Hansen, K. (2010, January 27). Arctic ‘Melt Season’ Is Growing Longer, New Research Demonstrates. NASA. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from Phsyorg.com
http://www.physorg.com/news183836066.html
- Palk, S. (2010, November 15). Arctic explorer’s race against time. CNN. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/11/15/norwegian.explorer.arctic.voyage/
- Ljunggren, D. (2009, March 5). Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013: expert. Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE52468B20090305
- Arctic’s Legendary Northwest Passage is Ice-Free for the First Time in Recorded History (2007, August 29). Retrieved January 11, 2011 from The Daily Galaxy website
http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2007/08/arctics-legenda.html
- Arctic Ice Especially Thin This Spring, Scientists Say (2009, April 7). Associated Press [AP]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,512836,00.html
- Arctic sea ice extent third lowest on record (2010, March 18). Retrieved January 11, 2011 from Damocles [Developing Arctic Modeling and Observing Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies] website
http://www.damocles-eu.org/research/Arctic_sea_ice_extent_third_lowest_on_record.shtml
- McDermott, M. (2010, February 8). Arctic Melting Triple Threat: Less Winter Ice Means More Summer Melt, It’s All Happening Faster Than Thought + It’s Going to Cost Us... Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/02/arctic-melting-happening-faster-than-expected.php
- Arctic Sea Ice Continues to Decline, Arctic Temperatures Continue to Rise In 2005 (2005, September 28). NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/arcticice_decline.html
- European Space Agency [ESA] (2010, January 22). Ice sheets report. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESA54M1VMOC_LPcryosat_0.html
- US warns of record Arctic warming (2010, October 22). An article on NOAA Arctic Report Card 2010 Update. AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.france24.com/en/20101022-us-warns-record-arctic-warming and http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101022/sc_afp/environmentusclimatearctic - Corum, J. and Xaqun G.V. (2010, November 12). Restless Ice. The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/11/14/science/20101114-ice.html
- ibid.
- United States Environment Protection Agency [U.S. EPA] (2010, August 19). Future Sea Level Changes. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/futureslc.html
- Water flowing through ice sheets accelerates warming, could speed up ice flow (2010, November 3). University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences [CIRES]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-11-ice-sheets.html
- Greenland glacier calves island four times the size of Manhattan (2010, August 6). University of Delaware. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.physorg.com/news200326075.html
- Huge ice island breaks from Greenland glacier (2010, August 7). BBC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-10900235,
- Morrison, L. (2010, August 11). Ice island breaks off glacier. The Wheather Network. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=greenland_iceisland_11_08_2010?ref=ccbox_weather_topstories - Belluscio, A. (2010, September 3). What lies beneath Antarctic ice. Nature News. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100903/full/news.2010.442.html?s=news_rss and http://canadianclimateaction.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/methane-bubbling-off-the-antarctic- peninsula-hello-paleocene-eocene-thermal-maximum/
- Lamont-Doherty (2010, June 20). New research sheds light on Antarctica’s melting Pine Island Glacier. British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.physorg.com/news196255601.html
- How’s Antarctica faring? Experts fly over ice to find out (2010, November 15). MSNBC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40117241/ns/us_news-environment/
- Conway, E. (2010, January 12). Is Antarctica Melting? NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/20100108_Is_Antarctica_Melting.html
- Wilkins Ice Shelf Image (2009, April 12). NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1341.html - ibid 94.
- Qiu, J. (2010, November 10). Measuring the meltdown. Nature [Electronic version] 468, 141-142. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101110/full/468141a.html
- Casassa, G. (2010).South American glaciers on the retreat. UNEP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://www.grida.no/publications/et/pt/page/2565.aspx
- Feldman, S. (2009, May 6). Bolivia’s Chacaltaya Glacier Melts to Nothing 6 Years Early. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://solveclimatenews.com/news/20090506/bolivias-chacaltaya-glacier-melts-nothing-6-years-early - Stracansky P., (2010, November 13). Fast Melting Glaciers Threaten Biodiversity. Inter Press Service [IPS] / International Federation of Environmental Journalists [IFEJ] / UNEP/ CBD. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=53552
- Hance, J. (2009, November 2). Goodbye, snows of Kilimanjaro. An article on Proceedings of the National Academy of Science [PNAS] report. mongabay.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.mongabay.com/2009/1102-hance_kilimanjaro.html
- Romm, J. (2009, March 3). Another climate impact coming faster than predicted: Glacier National Park to go glacier-free a decade early. An article on US Geological Survey report. Climate Progress blog. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
http://climateprogress.org/2009/03/03/global-warming-impact-faster-than-predicted-glacier-national- park-decade-early-2020-2030/
|