氣候變遷的事實 - 對土地與冰帽的衝擊
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乾旱與沙漠化

  • 美國西南部、東南亞、東南美洲、澳洲西部、南歐,以及非洲南部和北部等地,50年內可能會發生無法逆轉的乾旱(即永久沙漠化)。(美國國家海洋和大氣管理局〔NOAA〕,2009年)
  • 自1970年代到2000年代初,全球土地遭受嚴重乾旱侵襲的比例增加了1倍以上。(戴愛國博士〔Aiguo Dai〕,2004)
  • 近年來乾旱地區的實例:
  • 中國北方地區,10米深的裂縫開始在各地田間出現。水的使用若沒有重大改變的話,未來10年內,中國可能會出現數千萬的環境難民。(2010年9月)
  • 巴西亞馬遜州的幾個地區,由於亞馬遜河創紀錄的水位高漲,才剛剛在 2009年面臨歷史性洪水,如今卻已經因為乾旱而被孤立,坐船再也到達不了,只能靠徒步穿越森林。(2010年9月)  
  • 包括伊拉克中國查德澳洲蒙古非洲的薩赫勒地區(Sahel)在內的地方,在2010年都遭受乾旱之苦。      
極端天氣事件
  • 極端天氣事件變得越來越嚴重,次數越來越頻繁。(聯合國跨政府氣候變遷小組,2007年)
2010年重大災難事件:
  • 俄羅斯熱浪和大火:2010年夏天的熱浪以及森林大火造成的空氣污染,使得莫斯科的每天死亡人數倍增到700人。(俄羅斯科學院〔Russian Academy of Sciences〕)莫斯科市政府官員宣稱在過去的這個夏季,死亡率增加了60%,將近11,000個居民由於煙霧過量和創紀錄的高溫影響而喪生。
  • 巴基斯坦洪災:該國歷史上最嚴重的大洪水,導致兩千多人死亡,兩千多萬人受傷或無家可歸,五分之一的國土泡在水中。
  • 中國土石流:全國各地發生水災和土石流,單單在 2010這一年,即造成超過3,100人死亡,一千多人失蹤。自 1950年以來,洪水在中國增加了7倍。  
  • 巴西在2010年4月和6月,也發生了極端嚴重的水災,每次皆有數百人死亡。
  • 波蘭在2010年5 月,遭受了幾十年來最嚴重的水災。
  • 2010年夏天,森林大火肆虐葡萄牙,這是受到低濕度、強風和攝氏40度的創紀錄高溫所引發。
  • 2010年在查德奈及利亞,乾旱和洪水接連發生,洗劫了旱災過後已所剩無幾的糧食作物。
  • 2010年,印度、北歐、北美和南美遭受極端酷寒和暴風雪
  • 2010年,印尼、冰島、土耳其、智利、海地等國因許多地震和火山爆發而陷入混亂。
  • 全球暖化可能會導致像冰島的埃亞菲亞德拉火山(Eyjafjallajökull)這類有冰層覆蓋的火山更容易爆發,因為冰層融化會造成地表下的熱岩石壓力釋放出來。(皇家學會哲學會刊A輯,2010年)
  • 在過去10年來,由於全球暖化,高山地區發生土石流和山崩的頻率增加了。火山越來越可能崩解,所造成的大型土石流可能會將城市掩埋掉。 (牛津大學火山學家大衛‧派爾〔David Pyle〕、倫敦大學學院比爾‧麥克基爾(Bill McGuire)、英國艾希特大學瑞丘‧洛韋〔Rachel Lowe〕)
  • 由於冰川湖泊融化的數量和規模增長,導致潰堤造成洪水的情形不斷增加。(加德滿都的國際山區整合發展中心〔ICIMOD〕,2010年)
森林銳減
  • 非洲森林在2000年至2010年間遭受了史上第2高的年淨損失,每年驚人地消失340萬公頃森林。
  • 森林砍伐導致的溫室氣體排放約佔總量的20%。
  • 隨著氣候暖化,樹木吸收二氧化碳就越少;森林的樹木和土壤甚至開始釋放大量的二氧化碳。(《美國國家科學院院刊》〔Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences〕,2003年。芬蘭環境協會〔Finnish Environment Institute〕,2010年)森林在每次大火中確實已釋放出巨量的二氧化碳。
  • 隨著全球暖化,使得森林轉變成碳排者,大批樹皮甲蟲在北美森林出沒,並正在蔓延當中。(《自然》〔Nature〕雜誌,2008年)
冰:北極和南極暖化
  • 在北極大氣中的甲烷急遽上升,在5年內增加了33 %。 (愛丁堡大學科學家保羅‧帕瑪〔Paul Palmer〕,2010年) 西伯利亞永凍層融化釋出的甲烷,是先前認為的5 倍。(凱蒂‧沃爾特博士〔Katie Walter〕,2006年)東西伯利亞北極大陸架的海底淺層永凍土也呈現出不穩定情況,並釋放出大量的甲烷。(國際西伯利亞陸棚研究〔ISSS〕主任暨美國費爾班阿拉斯加大學教授艾格‧塞米爾托夫〔Igor Semiletov〕,2010年)北極凍原正在釋出的甲烷和氧化亞氮,比之前所估計的高出很多。(加拿大卑詩大學葛雷格‧亨利教授〔Greg Henry〕)一些科學家將融冰中的北極稱為「定時炸彈」。
  • 今年夏天,北極海冰面積縮小到史上第3低紀錄,面積萎縮最嚴重的3次都發生在過去4年內。(美國國家冰雪資料中心〔NSIDC〕2010 年度報告)


  • 在目前的暖化情況下,北極不太可能回復以往的狀態。(美國國家海洋和大氣管理局2010年更新的北極報告)
  • 2009至2010年冬季,北極暖化為北美東部和歐亞大陸東部帶來了酷寒的冷風和暴風雪。 (美國國家海洋和大氣管理局太平洋海洋環境實驗室〔Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory〕詹姆士‧奧弗蘭博士〔James Overland〕,2010年)
  • 整體暖化造成現在北極每年融冰期比30 年前延長了20 天,這表示更多的熱氣會被北極海吸收,對海洋生態系統和北美氣候造成很大的衝擊。  (美國太空總署,2010年)
  • 由於冰層逐漸消失,極地探險者首次能夠以玻璃纖維小船進行環繞北極之旅;在10年前,因為水道被冰封住,若沒有破冰船根本辦不到。 (挪威極地探險家布爾格‧奧斯蘭〔Borge Ousland〕,其航程從2010年6月開始。)
  • 北極暖化的速度是地球上任何其他地方的2倍。
  • 2007年,北極海冰覆蓋面積創下最低紀錄,使得西北航道得以首次通航。目前只有10%是形成較久的厚冰層,而90%以上都是新近形成的薄冰。科學家們預估最快在2012年或2013年的夏天,北極將會呈現無冰狀態。
  • 沒有具保護性的冰層來反射陽光,90%的太陽熱能會進入開放的海洋,而加速全球暖化。
  • 世界上2個主要的冰原——格陵蘭島和南極洲,正加速融解當中,然而在2000年以前,大家都認為它們是很穩定的。
  • 事實上,格陵蘭島正遭受至少50年來最嚴重的冰層融化和冰河的消失。 (美國國家海洋和大氣管理局2010年更新的北極報告)  冰河最近以2倍或3倍速度向海洋移動。(美國華盛頓大學伊昂‧喬金〔Ian Joughin〕,2010年)  因冰山崩塌造成的「冰震」,自 1993年以來增加了2倍多。(美國哥倫比亞大學喬蘭‧艾克斯瓊〔Göran Ekström〕和馬里帝斯‧尼托爾斯〔Meredith Nettles〕,2010年)格陵蘭冰原可能完全融化,而導致海平面上升7米。
  • 格陵蘭冰原因融化的冰水而更加速融化,可能在幾十年內即瓦解,而不是如以前預測的需時幾百年。 (美國科羅拉多州環境科學合作研究所〔CIRES〕)
  • 2010年8月5日,格陵蘭彼得曼冰川(Petermann Glacier)的四分之一崩離了,其面積是紐約曼哈頓島的4 倍,成為近半世紀以來最大的冰嶼。 德拉瓦大學安德烈亞斯 ‧穆恩喬教授(Andreas Muenchow)表示:「這個冰嶼所貯存的淡水量,足以讓德拉瓦河(Delware River)或哈德遜河(Hudson River)奔流不絕,為時2年以上。」
  • 在南極半島,99%濃度的甲烷氣體持續在某些地區的水面上冒出氣泡來。(阿根廷地質學家魯道夫‧德爾‧巴列博士〔Rodolfo del Valle〕)
  • 在2009年發表的一份主要評論報告發現,特別是南極半島西部的冰架,由於下方的溫暖水流所致,正以空前的速度加速退縮當中。   
  • 南極半島西部的威爾金斯冰架(Wilkins Ice Shelf)在2008年解體了。 2002年,已有 12,000年歷史的拉爾森B(Larsen B)巨大冰架在短短3星期內就完全瓦解。
冰:冰河融化
  • 位於青藏高原和喜馬拉雅山地區的「第3極」是繼北極和南極之後的全球第3大儲冰區,已有超過46,000條冰河和大片的永凍層正在迅速融化中。該地區素有「亞洲水塔」之稱,其冰河退縮可能會影響到10個國家超過15億的人口。 (由中國科學院主導的第3極環境計畫,2010年)
  • 隨著玻利維亞有18,000年歷史的恰卡塔雅冰河(Chacaltaya Glacier)的消失,其他南美安地斯山脈的冰河也可能在幾十年內消失。
  • 吉爾吉斯的冰河正以3倍於1950年代的速度消退當中,每年消退幅度高達50米。到了本世紀末,95%的冰河都可能消失。 吉爾吉斯比斯凱克市,國家科學院水能量協會)
  • 非洲的吉力馬札羅山自1920年以來,已失去85%的冰河覆蓋面,並可能在20年內完全失去。(《美國國家科學院院刊》,2009年)美國的冰河國家公園到了2020年就會完全沒有冰河,比先前預估的早了10年(美國地質調查局〔U.S. Geological Survey〕,2009年)


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  47. Europe, US to see snowy, cold winters: expert (2010, June 11). An acticle on Dr. James Overland, of the NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, USA statement. AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.france24.com/en/20100611-europe-us-see-snowy-cold-winters-expert
  48. Hansen, K. (2010, January 27). Arctic ‘Melt Season’ Is Growing Longer, New Research Demonstrates. NASA. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from Phsyorg.com
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  49. Palk, S. (2010, November 15). Arctic explorer’s race against time. CNN. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
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  50. Ljunggren, D. (2009, March 5). Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013: expert. Reuters. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
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  51. Arctic’s Legendary Northwest Passage is Ice-Free for the First Time in Recorded History (2007, August 29). Retrieved January 11, 2011 from The Daily Galaxy website
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  52. Arctic Ice Especially Thin This Spring, Scientists Say (2009, April 7). Associated Press [AP]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
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  53. Arctic sea ice extent third lowest on record (2010, March 18). Retrieved January 11, 2011 from Damocles [Developing Arctic Modeling and Observing Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies] website
    http://www.damocles-eu.org/research/Arctic_sea_ice_extent_third_lowest_on_record.shtml

  54. McDermott, M. (2010, February 8). Arctic Melting Triple Threat: Less Winter Ice Means More Summer Melt, It’s All Happening Faster Than Thought + It’s Going to Cost Us... Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/02/arctic-melting-happening-faster-than-expected.php

  55. Arctic Sea Ice Continues to Decline, Arctic Temperatures Continue to Rise In 2005 (2005, September 28). NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/arcticice_decline.html
  56. European Space Agency [ESA] (2010, January 22). Ice sheets report. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.esa.int/esaLP/ESA54M1VMOC_LPcryosat_0.html
  57. US warns of record Arctic warming (2010, October 22). An article on NOAA Arctic Report Card 2010 Update. AFP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
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    and http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101022/sc_afp/environmentusclimatearctic
  58. Corum, J. and Xaqun G.V. (2010, November 12). Restless Ice. The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/11/14/science/20101114-ice.html
  59. ibid.
  60. United States Environment Protection Agency [U.S. EPA] (2010, August 19). Future Sea Level Changes. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/futureslc.html
  61. Water flowing through ice sheets accelerates warming, could speed up ice flow (2010, November 3). University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences [CIRES]. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-11-ice-sheets.html
  62. Greenland glacier calves island four times the size of Manhattan (2010, August 6). University of Delaware. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.physorg.com/news200326075.html
  63. Huge ice island breaks from Greenland glacier (2010, August 7). BBC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-10900235,
  64. Morrison, L. (2010, August 11). Ice island breaks off glacier. The Wheather Network. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=greenland_iceisland_11_08_2010?ref=ccbox_weather_topstories
  65. Belluscio, A. (2010, September 3). What lies beneath Antarctic ice. Nature News. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100903/full/news.2010.442.html?s=news_rss and
    http://canadianclimateaction.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/methane-bubbling-off-the-antarctic-
    peninsula-hello-paleocene-eocene-thermal-maximum
    /
  66. Lamont-Doherty (2010, June 20). New research sheds light on Antarctica’s melting Pine Island Glacier. British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.physorg.com/news196255601.html
  67. How’s Antarctica faring? Experts fly over ice to find out (2010, November 15). MSNBC. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
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  68. Conway, E. (2010, January 12). Is Antarctica Melting? NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
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  69. Wilkins Ice Shelf Image (2009, April 12). NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1341.html
  70. ibid 94.
  71. Qiu, J. (2010, November 10). Measuring the meltdown. Nature [Electronic version] 468, 141-142. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101110/full/468141a.html
  72. Casassa, G. (2010).South American glaciers on the retreat. UNEP. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://www.grida.no/publications/et/pt/page/2565.aspx
  73. Feldman, S. (2009, May 6). Bolivia’s Chacaltaya Glacier Melts to Nothing 6 Years Early. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://solveclimatenews.com/news/20090506/bolivias-chacaltaya-glacier-melts-nothing-6-years-early
  74. Stracansky P., (2010, November 13). Fast Melting Glaciers Threaten Biodiversity. Inter Press Service [IPS] / International Federation of Environmental Journalists [IFEJ] / UNEP/ CBD. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=53552
  75. Hance, J. (2009, November 2). Goodbye, snows of Kilimanjaro. An article on Proceedings of the National Academy of Science [PNAS] report. mongabay.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://news.mongabay.com/2009/1102-hance_kilimanjaro.html
  76. Romm, J. (2009, March 3). Another climate impact coming faster than predicted: Glacier National Park to go glacier-free a decade early. An article on US Geological Survey report. Climate Progress blog. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from
    http://climateprogress.org/2009/03/03/global-warming-impact-faster-than-predicted-glacier-national-
    park-decade-early-2020-2030/

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